Servant Leadership Essay Example for Free

Servant Leadership EssayServant leadership is a very clayey thing to accomplish sometimes due to the fact that it can be difficult to fully put others in front of our own needs or wants. The reality is that were all self-serving to a degree because we come into this world with a self-serving heartThe journey of life is to move from a self-serving heart to a serving heart.You finally bring an adult when you realize that life is about what you give rather than what you get, (Kouzes and Posner, p. 105). hotshot way to become an effective servant leader is to watch and withdraw from other servant leaders. Another way is by learning from your own personal experiences with servant leaders.One of the first person that enabled me to act as a servant leader was my mom and pop. My mom and dad nurture different servant leadership qualities. I have absorbed their qualities over the years by the example that they set for my sister and I growing up. I think that for my family these are q ualities that have been passed vote down through several generations for both on my moms side of the family as well as my dads side. The core of any family is what is changeless, what is eer going to be thereshared vision and values, (Covey, 2004, p. 138).When it comes to my dad, he has ceaselessly had a Win/Win attitude. The principle of Win/Win is fundamental to achievement in all our interactions, and embraces five interdependent dimensions of life. It initiates with character and moves toward relationships, out of which flow agreements. It is nurtured in an environment where structure and systems are based on Win/Win, (Covey, 2004, p.216).My dad has a very strong character and he is content with his life. I believe that he has all of the three character traits that are described in the book, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, by Stephen Covey. He has integrity, maturity, and abundance mentality. I think that in every situation my dad has shown these qualities in my li fe and has always put others in front of his own needs, especially family.My mom has always taught me to try and see the situation from someone elses side before I react or judge someone. As you learn to listen deeply to other deal, you go out discover tremendous differences in perception. You will also begin to appreciate the impact that these differences can have as people try to work together in interdependent situations, (Covey, 2004, p.253).My mom has always been a owing(p) listener in her professional and personal life. She worked as a nurse practitioner for over 30 years, so she has really had to listen to people and thus try in taking the randomness that she was given into a diagnoses for that person. In her personal life she has always been available for me to talk to her about anything.I have never felt judged by her when I had to share something that I was proud of and she always would try to understand my thinking on the particular situation. She would take the info rmation that I would tell her and analyze it and try to understand it and then she would give her advice or opinion on the matter.When I hear the phrase servant leadership, I always think of deliveryman. I think he is the greatest example that we have for a servant leader. He never asked any of his followers to do something that he wouldnt do himself. Jesus embodies the ultimate example of someone who fostered collaboration and strengthened individuals. A lot of people talk about Jesus as if he were a soloist.They seem to forget that a large part of his ministry was in collaboration with others, (Kouzes and Posner, p.87). Jesus served other people through his teachings and examples. He was able to build a team that work together and a sense of trustworthiness with every member of his team.My final goal as a leader is to build trust between my coworkers and I and also to have a sense of synergy in my professional and personal life on a frequent basis. Organizations that seem to have trust among their employees are usually successful. It also seems that the organizations that dont frequently trust at all will not be successful and fail.I know that being any kind of effective leader take work, but I know that I have the patience to battle through the tough times and enjoy the good and successful timeswith my teammates, whether it is my personal family or my professional family. May we learn to see people through Gods eyes and enable them to act. May we learn to make heroes of those we lead, Im grateful that many people modeled these leadership practices for me and for you. Someday, let it also be said of us that we came alongside and helped another human being flourish in their calling, (Kouzes and Posner, p.97-98).Word see 841ReferencesCovey, S. (2004). The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People. New York, NY Simon Schuster Inc.Kouzes, J. M., Posner, B. Z. Christian Reflections on the Leadership Challenge. (2004). San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass.

Identifying Illogical Fallacy And Arguments Philosophy Essay

Identifying Illogical Fallacy And Arguments Philosophy EssayHave you wondered the truth behind or so battalions logic when considering why they retrieve what they do or why they believe it is true based upon their own interpretation? In almost every locution of life there is some underlying reason that people con comprise or believe in things, whether its regarded as truth or error. Most people would argue that there is a higher power in terms of religion while most or others will disagree that there is no such existence be arrive at they have not seen him personally. An joust can be said to be the exchanging of opposing views by means of persuasion in assert that a view or purpose is true or false right or wrong. Philosophers in history have argued that there is error in reasoning in the causation of life and this is can be referred to as a fallacy. A fallacy can be an intentional act or unintentional act or line of reasoning. There argon several illogical fallacies beginning with a mere assertion.Mere Assertion An illogical fallacy based up on the belief that an argument is true because you believe in it. In other words, if you argue that the sky is black ant is something that you believe or feel strongly about, and thusly it is presumed true. Clearly, any other person would note that the sky is never black and is in fact blue at all time. However, in this case, it is true because you believe it.Circular Reasoning circular reasoning is the argument that suggests that whatever the argument may be, as long as the conclusion of an argument supports the premise (justifiable claim) then it is true. In simpler terms, the reason for the argument is also the reason in the conclusion. There must be evidence to picture that what you be arguing is a valid argument. For example Reading is an excellent practice in acquirement as it helps to enhance whizzs knowledge. It is clear that reading does advert in learning new things notwithstanding reading alone does not promote being more knowledgeable but it does assist in the learning processes.Ad Hominem Ad Hominem is an arguments reasoning associated with demeaning the opposition relevant to the argument. My 4 year old I famous for this because whenever he does something he is not vatic to do or I asked him not to do, and I get on him because of his behavior, he attempts to divert my attention away for the purpose of preventing himself for getting a rakish or yelled at. He may say things like I just love you so much or Mommy can I give you a hug. Another example is when my mother and I get into arguments about the rude ways she speaks to me she brings up the topic of money because she wants to control my income. Because we are already in a heated argument, she includes other things in the argument that are irrelevant to her rude ways when conversing.Red Herring A form of drawing attention away for means of confusion and irrelevant subjects within an argument. Red herring is a part of an argument where the parties intend to manipulate the argument by including irrelevant reasoning and allow the opposing party to consider the irrelevant information pulling away from the initial reason for the argument. For example An employee is in trouble with his boss for not completely assignments timely and being rude to clients. The employee mentions other employees who mingle in the workplace and take personal calls pretending to be talking business with clients. In this situation, the employee is attempting to influence his boss to consider the quality of others work in order to reduce the tension between the boss and himself. pretender Questions Pseudo questions can be defined as rhetorical questions which mean that they cannot be answered. Pseudo question can be simple question that are hard to answer because the person who supposed to answer has no knowledge of the topic. A question by Billy Corgon asks If practice makes perfect and no one is perfect, then why practice? Or George Corlin asks Why do doctors call the work a practice? Isnt what they learned a skill?False puddle False cause is a fallacy that suggests that something is the result of something else. This fallacy is similar to determinism where every event has a cause. An example of false cause Tyler Perry became famous, a smashing writer and actor because he gained experience from living on the streets and being homeless. If this were true, then all homeless people would become actors because they lived on the street gum olibanum gaining experience.Sweeping generalizations The fallacy that says if one assumes that all incidents of reason are applied to every situation. Furthermore, sweeping generalizations accepts the sense that there are no exceptions to generalization. For example slew who dont eat pork are Muslims. You are a Muslim because you dont eat pork. In this case, not eating pork can be for religious purposes but also can apply to the fact that the person is a vegetarian thus invalidating the argument because there is an exception to this argument.Slippery Slope Suggests that a cause of events will continuously occur because one thing causes another. In other words, by chance one thing will finally lead to the last. contain the slippery slope fallacy in this situation. Not wearing a coat in the winter will cause you to catch a iciness eventually. How does this occur? Well first you get the sniffles and maybe allergy like symptoms (i.e. stuffy nose, clogged ears, runny eyes) following maybe changes in your body temperature then eventually you will cough which signifies that you have caught a coldness. Any human knows that if you act carelessly in the winter, you will be subjected to catching a cold and being sick. Being sick is not fun right?Equivocation or Changing Means Altering the meaning of a word in the course of an argument. Christmas celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ and is a time of happiness therefore the birth of Jesus Christ must too be full(a) of happiness. This example signals that both implications of the argument produces happiness (i.e. Christmas and the birth of Jesus Christ) Jesus himself being full of happiness because his birth was full of happiness.

The South China Sea Dispute

The south chinaware Sea DisputeOn 26 May and 9 June 2011, just before and subsequently the Shangri La Dialogue in capital of Singapore, in which chinaware underlined its commitment of maintaining peace and stability in federation chinaware Sea, Chinese fishery patrol ships cut seismometer cables of Vietnams Binh Minh 02 and Viking 02 cover geographic expedition vessels within Vietnams Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), triggering a series of public demonstrations in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh city. Vietnamese accused china of systematic action that is aimed at turning the un scrapd area belonging to Vietnam into an area under dispute in order to materialize chinas nine-dotted boundary claim in the East Sea2. mainland mainland China responded to the complaint and protests by warning that both exploration in the vicinity of the disputed Spratly islands without its consent was a violation of its jurisdiction and reign.3The incident is just an other evidence for the increase tensio n in the Sino-Vietnamese likenesss over the South China Sea dispute which has become a hot spot. The complex dispute is not only about the potential inwrought resources or strategic locations of the area, but most importantly the territorial sovereignty. In this dispute, Vietnam faces a challenging dilemma how to maintain and develop the strategic bilateral ties with China and settle the dispute in favor of its case interest at the same time? Tracing the concerns of Vietnam, an overview of the dispute leave alone be provided in the first section before it comes to the form _or_ system of government discussion in the second section, in which six possible elections are put forward (1) Multilateralize the dispute by ASEAN forum (2) Internationalize the dispute by involving out boldness major powers (3) dawdle to the foreign law of the sea and international arbitration (4) Build up self-reliance (5) Go for vocalise management of overlapped resources (6) Cooperate and struggle bilaterally and multilaterally. The paper concludes with good word of a comprehension approach which is cooperating and struggling bilaterally and multilaterally (policy option 6).II. OVERVIEW OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA DISPUTE BETWEEN VIETNAM AND CHINA1. The significance of the South China SeaThe South China Sea is a part of the Pacific Ocean which encompasses a large area of about 3,500,000 square kilometers, spreading from Singapore and the Strait of Malacca to the Strait of Taiwan. It comprises much than 200 small islands, reefs, and cays, most of which are inhabited. The ii largest archipelagoes are the Paracel islands which covers an area of about 15,000 square kilometers with about 30 islets and reefs, and the Spratly islands which stretches over an area of 180,000 square kilometers with more than 100 features.4It is roomyly acknowledged that the South China Sea, especially the two largest archipelagoes, has a great importance in terms of geo-politics as well as geo-economic s because of its strategic location as a busy passageway for about one third of worlds ships and presumed rich natural resources, especially oil and gas, underneath.52. The South China Sea DisputeApart from Vietnam and China, the South China Sea dispute involves four other disputants, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei and Taiwan. All disputants take away Brunei occupy certain area. Vietnam occupies 21 islands, the Philippines, eight, China, seven, Malaysia, five and Taiwan, one.6All claims are made based on different historical rights, colonial inheritance, territorial and level-headed grounds, including cooccur and competing claims over either maritime zone or sovereignty over islands. The Philippines refers to the principle of discovery of unclaimed territories and claims sovereignty over Kalayaan archipelago which comprises eight islands in the Spratly archipelago7. Brunei and Malaysia gain advantage of legal bases given by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the practic e of law of the Sea (UNCLOS or Convention) to assert their sovereignty rights over reefs for Brunei and islands in the gray Spratly for Malaysia. Taiwan, based on historical ground, claims its right over the Pratas island which used to be occupied by China.China claims are based on the so-called nine-dotted U-shape line which first appeared in a map published in 1948 in a private publication in China and encompasses about 80 portion of the South China Sea, including the Paracel and the Spartly islands. Despite China claims its sovereignty over this area, giving that it has historical rights to do so because the Han dynasty in the second century used it as the navigation route,8it has never officially declared and ignored calls to clarify if it also claims to the rights over maritime length enclosed which is far beyond 12 naval miles from the disputed islands and includes EEZ and continental shelves that overlaps the continental shelves of other claimants as stipulated in the 198 2 UNCLOS.9While the authenticity of Chinas historical rights to sovereignty over the area as well as its claim over the maritime water remains unclear, China opposes all activities by other claimants within this U-shape line.Vietnam makes reference to historical data, effective bloodline, colonial inheritance and legal ground to claim its sovereignty over the Paracel and the Spratly islands as well as more than 200 maritime miles of continental rights as stipulated in the 1982 UNCLOS. It has cited a number of credible documents and maps to prove its occupation and sovereignty exercise over the islands since at least the Le dynasty in the 15th century, throughout the French colonial time until 1974, when China used force to seize the Paracel, killing 53 Vietnamese soldiers10and 1988, when the two sides clashed again in the Spartly islands, Vietnam lost 7 islands to China and 64 Vietnamese soldiers were killed.11The Paracel and 7 lost islands in the Spratly islands were placed unde r the jurisdiction of Hainan Province.Below are some recent developments that provide a snapshot of the increasing tension between the two countries over the disputeIn May 2009, Vietnam and Malaysia submitted a adjunction report on territorial claims in the South China Sea to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. In response, China submitted its U-shape line map.12On 26 May and 9 June 2011, China ship cut the cables of two Vietnamese oil explorations vessels, ramping up the public protests in Vietnam.China detains and seizes hundreds of Vietnamese fishermen every year, accusing them of violating its unilateral fishing ban. On 22 February 2012, Vietnam accused China of shooting and damaging a Vietnamese fishing boat near the Paracel. On 3 March 2012, China detained 21 Vietnamese fishermen and their two boats in waters near the Paracel and demanded each boat $11,000. Vietnam beardown(prenominal)ly protested against the requests13.On 15 June 2012, Vietnam conducte d a legions air patrol over the Spratly islands and then announced unconstipated air patrol practice. In response, on 28 June 2012, China also commenced regular air patrol to the Spratly islands.14China warns and threatens foreign companies for joint oil exploration activities with Vietnam in the overlapping area era offering oil blocks to its foreign partners. On 23 June 2012, China offered nine blocks located within Vietnams 200 nautical miles EEZ to foreign operators. Vietnam condemned Chinas illegal offer and requested China to cease the bidding.15On 21 June 2012, Vietnam passed the Law of the Sea of Vietnam restating its claims over the Paracel and Spratlly islands. In a tit-for-tat response, China flat announced the establishment of prefecture-level Sansha City (officially created on 24 July 2012) to administer the disputed islands and surrounding waters as well as the establishment of a military base (officially created on 19 July 2012) in the City. Vietnam condemned the establishment of Sansha City, stating that it violated international law, seriously violating Vietnam sovereignty over the Paracel and Spratly archipelagoes.16The above developments indicate an action-reaction cycle with escalating strains in the South China Sea which makes it difficult to reach a solution acceptable by the both sides. The following section will discuss several policy options for Vietnam to settle the South China Sea dispute with China.III. POLICY OPTIONS1. Multilateralize the dispute through ASEAN forumThis option implies that Vietnam should continue to highlight the coming back in ASEAN emphasize the impacts of the dispute on the regional stability and peace in order to forge a united front to persuade China to solve the issue peacefully and multilaterally.17ASEAN comprises four out of six claimants, thus it is the most important platform for claimants to meet, discuss and seek for available solutions. The body achieved some winner in building mutual trust and co nfidence between ASEAN claimants and China. Some evidences are the 1992 Declaration on the South China Sea, the 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties (DOC) and the 2011 Guidelines to utilise the DOC in which stated that the dispute should be solved by peaceful means, through friendly consultations and negotiations by sovereign states directly concerned. These documents, however, nurture no legal force. Therefore, ASEAN and China hold also agreed in principle that a more binding Code of Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (COC) needs to be quickly completed and adopted.Yet the ASEANs effectiveness in solving the dispute is being questioned. As mentioned, the DOC was just a political statement with no legal binding requirement. China agreed to discuss the COC at an provide timing but has never stated when an appropriate timing is.18Most importantly, divisions between member states, stemming from different perspectives on the South China Sea and differences in the value each member places on their relations with China, confound prevented ASEAN from coming to a consensus on the issue.19On one side, claimants might share the same stand towards China but none of them is willing to agree with other claimants over the sovereignty issue. On the other side, non-claimants ASEAN members value the relations with China which are believed to be affected if they are pulled into any undesirable scrap with China. The recent failure of ASEAN in bringing forward a joint statement at the July 2012 Foreign Ministers Meeting in Phnom Penh due to the divergence in attitudes towards the dispute is a clear evidence for this natural ASEAN clash. This also indicates Chinas influence over other ASEAN members, Cambodia as ASEAN Chair in this fibre, to maintain its interests. Even if Vietnam, through its lobby efforts to pull ASEAN claimants and non-claimants together, it is still difficult to reach a solution since China insists on its bilateral negotiation strategy of treat each case differently, and defeat each one separately.202. Internationalize the dispute by involving outside major powersThis option suggests that Vietnam should deepen its multifaceted relations, including economic, diplomatic and military cooperation, with outside powers who have interests in the South China Sea emphasize the importance of the peace and stability of South China Sea towards their interests in order to encourage a common effort of navigating Chinas assertive claims and actions in the region.Over the past years, Vietnam has had some success in expanding and strengthening its relations with major powers through a wide range of cooperation, including regular military visits, military technology and weapons exchanges and joint energy exploration. For example, to deepen relations with the U.S who has the largest economic interests in the South China Sea with $1.2 cardinal out of $5.3 trillion of total trade passes, Vietnam has facilitated joint rescue exercise wit h the U.S army, allowed U.S warship to access the military Carm Ranh Bay for the first time since the end of the Vietnam state of war21, offered gas and oil block in Vietnams EEZ to the U.S ExxonMobil oil company, etc. This results in a stronger stake of the U.S in the disputed area. At the 2010 Shangri La Dialogue in Singapore, the then U.S Defense secretaire Robert Gates expressed U.S interests in Vietnams offshore oil exploration and declared that the U.S opposes to any effort to intimidate U.S corporations or those of any nation engaged in legitimate economic activity22. At the 2010 ASEAN Regional Forum in Hanoi, U.S. Secretary Hillary Clinton declared that the United States has a national interest in unblockdom of navigation, open access to Asias maritime commons and respect for international law in the South China Sea and called for a collaborative diplomatic process by all claimants for resolving the various territorial disputes. Apart from the U.S, Vietnam has been trying to boost relations with other major powers. For instance, in September 2011, Vietnam was successful to reach an agreement on joint exploration with India. Vietnam has also supported activities of Russian energy company Gazprom in joint oil exploration projects in Vietnams maritime waters. Besides, during 2009 alone, Vietnam bought from Russia six Kilo-grass submarines and 12 Su-30MKK fighters, becoming one of top weapon importers of Russia23. The growing relationship with major powers as well as increasing involvement of these major powers in the disputed area does help to increase Vietnams leverage to China in the South China Sea dispute. presently China made efforts to further engage Vietnam through party-to-party talks and keep their disagreements behind closed door.24However, Vietnam should stay aware that strong alignments with major powers to balance too aggressively against China would irritate China and lead to subsequent negative economic and political consequences. Mean while, Vietnam cannot outright rely on any major powers because these countries have their own priorities and their consistent longstanding position in the South China Sea is neutrality. In other words, they might be willing to sacrifice the relation with Vietnam if it conflicts with their priority interests. Vietnam should never get too close to any powers but better to maintain limited alignments to just keep China in check.3. Resort to the international law of the sea and international arbitrationThis option recommends that Vietnam should resort to the international frameworks to solve the dispute, that is, Vietnam should present evidences of its sovereignty rights over the Paracel and Spratly islands, which abides by the 1982 UNCLOS, to the International royal court for the Law of the Sea in order to gain international support and acknowledgment of Vietnams facts on the ground while at the same time putt pressure on China to clarify its claims and evidences.The 1982 UNCLOS is a imed to manage potential conflicts/disputes among countries over the rights to the worlds ocean. It holds valid legal title to sovereignty over their islands has exclusive right to function living and nonliving resources within 12 miles of their territorial sea and 200 miles beyond, known as the exclusive economic zone (EEZ).25Vietnam has ratified and abided by the 1982 UNCLOS since 1994. Its 2012 Law of the Sea, in which clarifying its territorial seas, EEZ and continental shelf, was also built on the render of the 1982 UNCLOS. Vietnam has also been providing its historical data showing that it has been exercising effective occupation of the islands for a long time. Recently, it introduced a 1904 Chinese official map which showed that the Paracel and Spratly islands were not belong to China26and received attention from international experts and society. Therefore, it is very likely that Vietnam will win over China if the case is sent to the international tribunal.China is also a participant of the UNCLOS (since 1996) but its interpretation of the Convention is controversial. China has never clarified its vague claim of historical rights of the area inside the U-shape line which is not suitable and so unlikely to be supported by the provisions of the law. It rejected the mechanism for international arbitration and adjudication provided by UNCLOS27and prefers bilateral negotiations with other claimants in which China will have more advantageous position.4. Build up self-relianceThis option proposes Vietnam to build up its internal economic and military capabilities to deter Chinas aggression by continuing reforming its economy and modernizing its military forces.Given that China used to use force to seize the Paracel and a part of the Spratly in the past as well as it has been underdeveloped its military strengths and being more assertive to claim its ownership over the islands, there could be a chance that China would use force again and/or use its whelm economic power to put pressure on Vietnam and other countries to give up on the issue.Being aware of Chinas threat, Vietnamese government has been developing its internal strengths, both economic and military inclusive, especially military capability. Compared to 2003, Vietnams military spending has been increased by 83% in 201228, in which mostly is invested in developing naval and air forces a large amount of budget has been spent on weapons purchase. Vietnam is currently one of the top importers of Russias weapons29. It is also persuading the U.S to lift the ban on lethal weapons so that it could purchase more U.S weapons and modernize military.30Pessimists believe that despite economic and military strengthening efforts, Vietnam can never outweigh China in economy and military power but still under Chinas influence. Economically, China is the largest economic partner of Vietnam with expected two-way trade of $60 billion in 2015 Chinese products currently account 60% imports of V ietnam31. Militarily, Vietnams 2012 military budget is $3.3 billion while Chinas is $106.4 billion32. However, these economic and military strengthening efforts still deserve a try because if conflict is the case, it will impose certain costs on China and so deter Chinas aggressive actions.5. Go for joint management of overlapped resourcesThis option implies Vietnams possible consideration of joint management of resources at areas where claims are overlapped with China. This means both sides have to reach a consensus over the measure of maritime space surrounding each island, regardless of ownership, and then agree to jointly administer the overlapped claimed area outside the maritime space. This differs from the early 1990s proposal of shelving disputes and going for joint development by the late Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in which China ignored the possibility of joint development in the Paracel while proposing a joint management with Vietnam in the West Vanguard Bank Basin loca ting in Vietnams maritime waters.33Obstacles to this attempt of joint management is that China claims much of the South China Sea, including most of the Vietnams islands and asserts its rights to unilaterally benefit from the resources while Vietnam is also strong in its position of sovereignty rights over these islands. Both sides have condemned each other of exploring and exploiting natural resources, mainly fish and gas-oil, within their maritime waters. China consistently challenged foreign oil companies having joint exploration activities with Vietnam and warned them of unspecified consequences in their business dealings with China. This uncompromising attitude by the both sides, especially by China, makes it impossible for a consensus to be reached on measuring the overlapped area which is not really belongs to any party.6. Policy Recommendation Cooperate and struggle bilaterally and multilaterallyVietnam should consider a comprehensive approach that provides it with flexibil ity and effectiveness in dealing with China. This option is, therefore, recommended because it develops a comprehensive approach by taking into account of both bilateral and multilateral cooperation and struggle, considering the special characteristics of the Sino-Vietnamese relationshipDeepen the multifaceted bilateral relationship with China through different networks of Party-to-Party, Government-to-Government, and People-to-People, especially Party-to-Party channel. History shows that the special relation between the two communist parties enables the two sides to repair their bilateral relations fast after serious incidents. For example, strains in the Vietnam-China relations after the May and June 2011 events was significantly reduced after the visit to China by Vietnam Communist Party General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong in October 2011 when the two sides agreed on the six basic principles in settlement of the dispute, emphasizing the importance of negotiations and friendly cons ultations.34Encourage ASEAN unity as a primary multilateral platform to counter Chinas assertiveness. ASEAN has certain setbacks but it cannot be denied that through DOC and other cooperation mechanisms such as ARF, FTA, ASEAN has some significant success in building mutual confidence and developing mutual interests with China. Of course, as analyzed, it is tough to forge a united and effective stance among ASEAN members however, common interests of peace, free navigation and other legal interests under the 1982 UNCLO could be driving forces to make this more likely to happen.Deepen ties with major powers. Direct interests of maintaining free navigation in the South China Sea are motivations for these powers to align with ASEAN and Vietnam to balance against Chinas aggression. The depth and durability of commitment by these major powers, however, might be doubted because they also have their own priorities. Therefore, Vietnam should not outright rely on the outside powers to outrigh t balance against China, but maintain a safety distance from either side and at the same time build up its capacity for self-reliance.Well prepare and announce sufficient historical and legal data to prove Vietnams sovereignty rights over the Paracel and Spartly islands mobilize media, including social media, to effectively involve in the issue by providing transparent and correct information in order to make Chinese people and international community to understand correctly about the situation, urge the world to support Vietnam and impose pressure on China to clarify its claims.III. coatingThe South China Sea dispute between Vietnam and China has become more and more sensitive and complicated because both countries are so strong in their own positions in the dispute that no one is willing to compromise their rights over the Paracel and Spratly islands a convergence of geo-politics and geo-economics. Vietnam has more credible historical and legal data to prove its sovereignty righ ts over the islands but the strategic significance of China to Vietnam and Chinas assertiveness put Vietnam in a policy dilemma between developing the strategic bilateral relationship and struggling to win over China in the dispute. To reduce tensions, Vietnam should have a comprehensive approach, that is, boosting bilateral ties while seeking ways to balance against China at the same time, internally or externally. In this connection, this paper recommends Vietnam to simultaneously (i) deepen its multifaceted relationship with China through Party-to-Party, Government-to-Government and People-to-People channels (ii) continue to take advantage of ASEAN as a primary platform to counter Chinas claims (iii) develop ties with major powers while not swallow to build up self-reliance and (iv) make public all evidence to prove Vietnams sovereignty rights to the Paracel and Spratly island in order to gain support from international community and put pressure on China to clarify its claims a nd deter its aggressive actions. However, it should be acknowledged that since the core of the South China Sea dispute is the territorial sovereignty that involved claimants will never want to compromise, it might too sensitive and complex for a feasible solution to thoroughly settle the dispute in a foreseeable future.

The philosophy of human rights

The philosophy of resistants rightsYou may undertake EITHER a philosophical self-abnegation of merciful rights (paying particular at xtion to the funda handstal critiques addressed to piece rights) OR a philosophical critique of human rights (paying particular attention to the strongest arguments in their favour and to a possible alternative to them).Defence of human rights philosophic wholeyNatural right is not the fitting resolution of a dispute offered by a harmonious cosmos or Gods commands. It derives exclusively from the genius of each man. (Douzinas 2000, p70)IntroductionThe philosophy of human rights in turn is based on cultural philosophy and historical philosophy. Whereas human rights cannot be illustrated on the ground of some other factors such as honesty of violence in historic onlyy, culturally, politically or sociologically. now and again ethics, literacy, economics, psychology, philosophy and politics ar some of the spots who can help describing the hum an rights better and made it easier to understand respect of human rights as a general fructify of work and discussion. Rights that are connected to human beings and performed as ethical pledge to hold up our argument towards the fulfillment of a apparently fine living are called Human Rights. In broad term, human rights on their make are imitative of the perception of a right. We have customaries that human rights initiate as moralistic rights alone that the flourishing channel of numerous human rights into international and national law permits one to consider human rights as, in mevery situations, both moral rights and legitimate rights. In addition, human rights may be any claim rights or liberty rights, and have a oppose or a positive complexion in respect of the obligations imposed by others in securing the right. (Andrew, 2005, online)Aristotle nationd that justice is a complete virtue, although not with step to the fore(a) qualification, yet in relation to other s oul. And for that reason justice is often consider to be the greatest of virtues. According to him justice is an actual exercise of virtue, as someone do not think or so himself nevertheless he care closely other either a king or colleague. He give tongue to that justice is not a part of virtue but virtue entire. He said that just is a species of proportionate is the equality of ratios and proportional sharing. Whereas geometric equality refers to an adequate measure of proportion. Justice is a kind of mean but, not in the similar way as other virtues and it linked to go-between quantity. It is a virtue in which a just man is known as a achiever, by option of that which is just, and one who will share out either among himself or another or between two others not so as to give more of what is advantageous to himself and less to other human being, but so as to give what, is equal in agreement with proportion and resemblance in allocating out between two other persons. (The Nicom achean ethics, Ch.V, 1925)I agree with Kant views about that our objectives are proscribed by rationale, and he verifies it by a rehearsal, There is no possibility of thinking of anything at all in the world, or pull down out of it, which can be regarded as good without qualification, except a good will.( Barbara Herman, p. 208, 1993)The human nature understood by broad philosophy is pre-moral. According to Immanuel Kant , the transcendental self, the prerequisite of deed and basis of meaning and value, is a mortal of complete ethical duty and lacks any earthly characteristics. The theory of the independent and self-disciplining theme is shared by moral philosophy and jurisprudence but has been turned into neo Kantianism. Kant was predictable that Natural right become a matter of introspection and disclosure rather than of rational deliberation and dialectal argument and let to a conceptual morality of percepts. Kant viewed Morality as it is no longer stranded in pre existing i magination of the good nor does it obtained from an external source. Kant assumed that classical philosophy made a fault of arranging initiatory good and evil and then arranging the moral law consequently. Dealing to rational law, human rights mean to admit and defend the central and absolute characteristics of human nature. (Douzinas, 2000)Kants view of freedom turns apparent when seen in the perspective of the problem that it was believed to solve. Rational beings survive not only as self conscious axis of knowledge, but also agents. Kant argues is the sole principle of all moral laws, and all of duties which conform to them on the other hand, heteronomy of the will not only cannot be the basis of any obligation, but is, on the contrary, opposed to the principles in that respectfore, and to the morality of will. Since sovereignty is patent only in the conformity to reason, and be rush reason must lead action forever and a day through imperatives, autonomy is explained as that p roperty of will whereby it is a law to itself.(Roger Scruton, 1982)From some past decades, philosopher in many different times and places grappled with tricky issues about mutual connection among human beings both as an individual and as a member of communitarian hunting lodge. Every so often lacking any tyrannical religious direction at all, they also contemplated the denotation of human nature, the universality of fundamental principles, ethical duties to siblings, social justice, whether customary rule based civilizations should be changed in to right based civilizations, and the proper responsibility of government in the lives of their people. In spite of their much dissimilarities of point of view and cultural tradition, they all required inform not through the exposure of religious faith or metaphysical basics but slightly through worldly inquest and human rationale. (Paul Gordon Lauren, 2003)The division of rights into ad hominem right, real right and right to act is, in the vein of many other partitions, designed to systemize the heap of unfamiliar material. However this distribution sooner confuses rights which presume such tangible relations as the family or the state with those which direct to sheer abstract qualities. Classification did by Kant, of rights into Real rights, Personnel rights and personalized rights that are of real kind. We will get too confused afield to explain how knotted and illogical the classification of rights into personal and real is. Visibly it is just personality which provides us a right to things, and therefore personal right is embedded in real right. A thing must be received in its Universal context as the external reverse of freedom, so with the intention of sense that my body and my life are things. (G.W.F.Hegel, p.4) If we look at a framework of human rights, the debate about the dignity of human beings relative to the rest of nature not only is a divergence from the context of human rights, but brings in us t o metaphysical dialogues unrelated to the issue of human rights. The foundation of human rights, along with harmony and subsidiarity, is the metaphysics of the human beings. Those type of metaphysics function as the sense giving route relating to the wisdom of the speech and praxis of human rights, subsidiarity and commonality. Metaphysics like this should not start from a description or self-confidence whether religious, judicial or philosophical about human rights, which would be to take as fact to begin the point of influx. Problem regarding Hegels position should be unbroken in mind always. (Kant by Mary and Roger, 1996)The famous documents claiming personal rights, such as the Magna Carta (1215), the French Declaration on the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789), and the US Constitution and tirade of Rights (1791) the face Bill of Rights (1689), are on paper pioneer agreements to many of new human rights documents. However much of these written agreements, once initially rebo rn into course of action, debarred women, racism, minorities, religious, economic, and political groups. On the other hand, demoralized natives all over the world have strained on the ideology to these written agreement document for expressions to maintain revolutions that affirm the right to autonomy. This type of pattern and lawfully binding manuscript shield the people from arbitrary persecution and punishment. Much of the flaws of Hammurabis code were due to its cause and effect nature, it failed to protect more conceptual thoughts such as religion, attitude, race and personal free will.One of the other important documents of the English history is called Magna Carta. It was about the group of barons who stood against the conflict to the increasingly authoritarian rule of office John, and were ensured with the effectuation of the terms of Magna Carta, the great charter of liberties as it was previously known just ten years later, officially contracted by him at Runnymede on 1 5 June 1215. It was based on the sequence of under takings on a paper. According to that paper King should rule England keeping in focus the customs of feudal law. (Matthew Stricland, 2005, online)If we compare American bills of rights and English declaration such as Magna Carta, it demonstrates at once that the placing out of principles summary, and hence vague, is both common, as is also the suffering with which they are narrating. The French have not only adopted the American ideas, but even the expression they established on the other end. The cavernous gap divides the American declarations from the English ratification that have been mentioned. The Historian of the American revolution says about Virginia declaration that it was tried and true beside all oppressions in an account of the eternal laws of mans being The English petition of right in 1688 was historic and retrospective the Virginia declaration came directly out of the sum of coin of nature and announced governing principles for all people in all future times. (Bancroft, VII, p.243)The English laws that set up the rights of subject matter are communally and independently verifications, come up of particular situations, or analysis of existing law. Even Magna Carta contains no right, as Sir Edward Coke, the great authority on English Law, sensed as early as the beginning of the seventeenth century.(Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, I, 1, p.127)On the other hand, American declarations consist of percepts which are placed on a solve then the common policymaker. In the individual states as well as in Unions, there are parted appendages for regular and for legitimate legislation, and the judge observes the deed of the legal boundaries by the common legislative authorities. If according to his conclusion a law disobeyed on the primary rights, he must stop its enforcement. The assertion of rights even at present day is inferred by the American as realistic defense of the minority. (Cooley, Constitutional Limitations, 1890, Ch. VII.)According to Jellinek American declarations are not laws of higher kind in name only, they are the creations of high lawmakers. As in Europe, the establishments lay reserved complexity in the way of altering their conditions, but about all over it is the lawmaker itself who makes a decision upon the amendment. The American bills of rights do not dispute about setting firm ethics for the states organization, but first of all they try to draw b raise line between state and individual. They think that individual is not the mainframe of rights in the course of the state, but by his own nature he has incontrovertible and undeniable rights. The English do not take it seriously. They do not care to be familiar with an everlasting, inherent light, but one hereditary from their forefathers, the old, undoubted rights of the English people.(1902, p.13)If we look upon right and liberties we find them in seventeenth century English laws. Legi slative body is always demanding simply the validation of the laws and statues of this realm that is, the strengthening of the existing relations between king and people. Even none of their document contains a single word about the new rights. thence there is no reference whatever to the important fundamental rights of religious liberty, of assembling, of liberty of the press, or of free movement.Blackstone (1765) is considered as the first doctrine of the absolute rights of persons upon the idea of the personal rights of the individual. Security, liberty and property are the absolute rights of every Englishman, which from their character are nothing else than the natural liberty that remains to the individual after deducting the legal restraints demanded by the common interest. (Loc. cit., p. 125 (113).Furthermore, the American declaration of rights, initiate with the proclamation that all men are born free and equal, and these statements articulate of rights that fit in to every individual, all mankind or every member society. They count on a much bigger figure of rights than the English declarations, and seem to be taking these rights as inborn and undeniable. (Jellinek, 1901, p. 14)One of the most dominant political philosophers of the present period is John Locke (1632-1704). He fortified the statement in Two Treaties of Government that human beings are by nature liberal and equivalent in opposition to statements that God had completed all men naturally refer to a sovereign. He stated that men comprise rights, such as freedom, right to life and possessions that covers groundwork, free of the laws of any scrupulous civilization. He made use of the argument that people are naturally liberated and the same as piece of the explanation for considering lawful political control as the effect of a societal bond where populace in the condition of nature provisionally convey some of their rights to the commanding authority in order to improved indemnify the const ant, contented enjoyment of their lives, freedom, and assets. (Alex, 2005, online)Lockes views on property shows that natural right to property can be derived from the natural right to ones life and labour, is unremarkably read as if it were simply the sustaining argument for the bare contention offered at the beginning of treaties that every man had a natural right to property at bottom the bounds of the law of constitution. According to him there are two claims, the men have right to preserve their right, and that a mans labour is his own, Locke defended individual convolute of the generation of the earth which was originally given to mankind in common. Locke highlighted that, Money, is a commodity which has a value because it can enter in to exchange with other commodities. But its rationale is not merely to make possible the exchange of things created for consumption, that is, to enlarge, beyond the scale of trade, exchange between producers of goods planned for utilization. The attribute basis of money is to serve as capital. Locke has vindicated the purposely capitalist misuse of land and money. And it is to be noticed that he has justified this as natural right, as a right in the state of nature. Therefore there are two levels of consonant in Lockes theory. One is the consonant between free, equal, rational men in the state of nature, to put a value on money, which Locke treats as accompanied by conventional recognition of the obligation of marketable agreements. (Macpherson, Ch. 5, 1962)Locke begins conventionally with a state of nature, and from the law of nature which governs this state. But the content of this law does not seem reductivist at all. The state of nature that all men are naturally in, is not a social condition but a historical situation. It is that state in which men are set by God. The state of nature is a topic for theological indication, not for anthropological research. The theological environment functions rather as an interpre tive proverb, it does not just lessen to a set of based on fact claims. Locke argues to be taking into consideration the human condition at large in terms of reason but what he recognizes in it is what he already knows (from Christian revelation) to be there.(John Dunn, Ch, 9. 1969)Dozinas argues Desire is always moved by evil, to fly it and the highest evil is death. The purpose of desire and fear overlaps. Nature built the desire of what it fears most. Nature, including human nature , which declared as the gauge of all things, ends up being just matter, to be proscribed, oppressed and shaped either by the self fashioning human being or by the all influential autonomy. According to him the rights of man, like all rights, are not natural or unchallengeable but historical formations of state and law. Their appearance and dialectal process is quite multifaceted while the partition between state and society was the product of economic changes in society, the state turned the situations of survival of capitalism, which brought in to life, in to lawfully acknowledged rights and sanctified them as natural and eternal. Human rights are for that reason real and valuable but they attain much more and different from what is visible. (Douzinas, 2000)ConclusionI will say that the every individual had rights and its reality must be accepted undisputedly whereas there are some clarifications which should be needed in that account. The speech of human rights is implicated and operated by some(prenominal) peoples in extremely assorted conditions. Human rights have a lengthy historical legacy. The major philosophical basis of human rights is a standard in the continuation of a type of integrity applicable for all human beings, universally. To understand human rights understanding is just not needed but there should be some sensibility. The delightful conclusion of a human race can be only be obtained from love for the joy of human beings. The modern principle of human rights has move towards to take up midpoint of geopolitical dealings.I would also mention criticism from Marx. His ideology is measured as an fair and brutal discharge of human rights and their ambitions. Marx was critical too of the rights of the citizens. But this was not because the rights are false and unfair, but because they cannot distribute what they promise within the boundaries of bourgeois society. Rights are confined but can only be criticized and forwarded from the point of view of an unrealized and unrealizable universal. Rights function as serious function only against a future perspective, that of the (impossible) ideal of an unbounded and self comprising humanity. (Douzinas, 2000)Human rights have turned out to be essential to the current indulgent of how human beings should be taking care of, by one another, locally and internationally political organizations. Human rights are finest reflection of as possible ethical agreement for each individual to direct a simply fine life. Philosophical source of human rights has been issued to regular criticism. Although, various features of the consequent discussion among philosophical followers and challengers of human rights dumbfound unsettled and, possibly, not solvable, the all-purpose side for human rights stays honorably dominant. Debatably, main convincing inspiration for the survival of human may respite upon the implementation of thoughts.ReferncesDouzinas, C. (2000 reprint 2007) The End of Human Rights Critical Legal Thought at the Turn of the Century, Oxford Hart Publishing.Macpherson, C. B. (1962) The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism Hobbes to Locke. Oxford Oxford University Press.Jellinek, G. (2007 1895) The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, atomic number 109 Kessinger Publishing. 25-page electronic version in pdf format available at http//oll.libertyfund.org blackboard.Kant, I. (1996 1797) The Metaphysics of Morals, Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Scruton, R. (1982) Kant, Oxford Oxford University Press.Hegel, G.W.F. (2005) Philosophy of Right, trans. by S.W.Dyde, Dover Publications Inc Dover Ed edition.Aristotle, (1998) The Nicomachean Ethics, trans. by William David Ross, David Ross, J. O. Urmson, Oxford World Classics Oxford University Press.Herman, B. (1993) The practice of moral judgment, Harvard Harvard University Press.Lauren, G. P. (2003) The evolution of international human rights visions seen, University of Pennsylvania Press.Strickland, M. (2005) Enforcers of Magna Carta (act. 12151216), Oxford Dictionary of National, Biography, online edn, Oxford University Press. http//www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/93691Cf. Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, I, 1, p. 127. (Edited by Kerr, London, 1887, I, p. 115.)Cooley, Constitutional Limitations, 6th edition, Boston, 1890, Chap. VIDunn, J. (1982) The political thought of John Locke an historical account of the argument of the Two treatises of government, Cambridge University Pr ess.Fagan, A. (2005) Human Rights Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, University of Essex.

James I: The Life of the Shakespearean Patron Essay -- England

On June 19, 1566 in Edinburgh, Scotland, King jam Stuart I was born. At the tender age of only thirteen months, junior James was crowned might of Scotland. As a descendant of King Henry VIIs Tudor dynasty, and the offspring of Queen Mary of economical and her second husband, Lord Darnley of England, James I inherited great power and responsibility. Through an impeccable education, James I attempted to resolve personal both personal and governmental issues, as he became a respected and acknowledged patron of the arts. Although he ended Englands war with Spain, strengthened the Church of Scotland, and rehabilitated traffic with England, King James Is flaws were constantly targeted. His inability to handle finances and his obvious homosexuality were also often found offensive. only when the kings love for theatre sparked the most controversy, as it was believed to be Jamess biggest weakness. In fact, James I was a king of many inconsistencies. disrespect his history of capable ru le, he was constantly haunted by the fear of not being affectionate enough to those close to him. As a alert hunter, James showcased courage bordering on stupidity as a horseman, but had an overwhelming fear of knives and other drawn weapons. Other than the Gunpowder Plot of 1605, thither had never been a legitimate threat to his life or wellbeing. Never the less, James wore unreasonably heavy clothing to protect himself against potential knife attacks. But James paranoia and twenty-nine year reign of Scotland did little to prepare himself for the English monarch. England and Scotland, rivals for years, virtually hated each other. This deep-rooted mistrust, along with clashing religious views, heavily limited James chance of a successful reign. King James ... ...n honor of King James I. Even after being ridiculed for his sexuality and called an clunky leader, King James I became a respected patron of the arts as he grew intellectual and wise through his reign. King James I was n ot entirely unsuccessful, but his Scottish background failed to gain him the respect of the English society.Works Cited Andrews, John F. James I. Shakespeares World and Work. Vol. 3. Print.Brown, Henry. King James I Shakespeares Patron. Shakespeare-online. J. M. Dent & Sons, 20 Aug. 2009. Web. 1 Aug. 2012. .Butler, John. James I of England. Luminarium. N.p., 30 Oct. 2006. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. .Dewar, David. James I. Facts on File. N.p., 2012. Web. 1 Apr. 2012. .Shostak, Elizabeth. James I. Elizabethan World-Biographies. 129. Print.

Uplifting Black Souls: the African American Jeremiad :: Free Essays Online

Uplifting Black Souls the African American JeremiadMission StatementA black jeremiad is a writing or a speech that unceasingly emphasizes the need for and methods to achieve social change. David Howard Pitney in his book The Afro-American Jeremiad, rightly suggests what the components of a jeremiad atomic number 18 1) citing the promise, 2) criticism of present declension or retrogression from the promise, 3) solution prophecy that society will shortly complete its mission and redeem the promise(Howard-Pitney 8). The authors we have chosen have written prominent jeremiads, and we will turn up why they can be considered jeremiads why they were important when they were written and why they are still important today. HistoryDavid pushcart (act.1828-1829), Frederick Douglass (act. 1852-1880), Booker T. Washington (act. 1895-1915) and W.E.B. DuBois (act. 1895-1968) are some of the most important African-American jeremiads in our history. Black jeremiads stem from the Jeffersonian hu mor of natural and divine law. This law emphasizes the right to freedom as well as liberty. The American jeremiad originated amongst 17th century Puritans who believed that their destiny was to form a utopian society in the Americas. By the 19th century, black jeremiads had adopted these Puritan ideals and apply them to incite the need for the abolition of slavery and to serve as a warning of the punishment that would await those who continued with the sins of slavery. The writings and speeches of these jeremiads was used to uplift and unify their race and to promote blacks to take action in order to achieve equality but not self-separation from the rest of American society. This idea of unification without self-separation, illustrates the idea of black nationalism with established the rhetoric for jeremiads. On David Walker One of the most persuasive African American writers of antebellum America, was suitable to shake the American society with his pamphlet Appeal to The Colored People of the United States. Walker, A free Negro born in Wilmington, North Carolina in 1796, although enjoyed a little more freedom than the rest of his colored brethren in bondage took on the role of a Jeremiadic speaker and writer to his people. In Walkers Appeal, Walker followed a method used by a Free black man in 1788 using the pseudonym of Othello in a two-part essay responding to Jeffersons Notes on the State of Virginia , called Essay on Negro Slavery. Following Othellos Jeremiadic essay, Walker had a warning for white Christian America about the wrathful vengeance of divinity fudge that would befall upon them because of the institution of slavery.

Claudio Monteverdi Essay -- Biography

Claudio Monteverdi was a late Renaissance composer who was born in Cremona on May 15th 1567 and died in Venice on November 29th 1643. His emergent theme mode had significant yield on the musical transitions from the Renaissance to the Baroque era. He was an employed musician most of his life who spent much of his work ambitious the popular artists of his time to venture out into new variations of the traditional styles. Alongside many of his contemporaries such as Giaches de Wert and Prince Gesualdo di Venosa, he was a part of discriminating change throughout the culture he lived in which made a large impact for the future. In his early years Monteverdi was taught to play the piano and as well as taught about musical write up by MarcAntonio Ingegneri, who was the Cathedral choir director in his town. It was not long before Monteverdi began to catch on to what was being taught. In fact, his first piece was written at the young age of 15, foreshadowing his passion that would be a life lived in dedication and enjoyment of writing music.Although he was not recorded to have been involved in the public worship choir, Monteverdi was surrounded by musical performance and worship on a regular basis. His lessons, taught by Ingegneri, were stepping-stones to what he would be learning throughout his time. In Cremona, he was taught to be controlled and traditional, as was noted by George J. Beulow in Chapter three of his book, A History of Baroque Music. He said, Monteverdis art was nurtured in a musical environment that was more conservative than experimental.(P.57) While Monteverdi was learning the basic principles of composition and music theory, one such concept was particularly important and that was counterpoint. Throughout the ... ...stic portrayal of the characters, and warmer melodies than had previously been heard. It requires a smaller orchestra, and has a less bragging(a) role for the choir.Monteverdis work will be remembered as revolutionary as well as somewhat radical for his time. He continued to last out true to many of the previous methods such as counterpoint, but changed many things and searched for ways to express the lyrical content better than before. His attraction to the Madrigal is a good example of his ability to do this, displayed in his nine books. Word phrases and expressive moods were also shown in his Operas where he told longer stories of love and ancient tales. In every style that Monteverdi wrote it, he will be remembered as a composer who was true to foundational principles of the old styles, but took daring steps to form new sounds that would influence future artwork.